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Biology AS Level 🌺 > 1.1 > Flashcards

1.1 Flashcards

Chemical Elements Joined Together To Form Compounds

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1
Q

what is an element?

A

one type of atom only

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2
Q

what is a molecule?

A

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

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3
Q

what is a compound?

A

two or more different elements chemically bonded together

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4
Q

what is an ion?

A

atom / molecule that has gained / lost one or more electrons

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5
Q

inorganic defintion

A

molecule / ion with no more than one carbon atom

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6
Q

organic definition

A

molecules with high proportion of carbon + hydrogen atoms

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7
Q

role of calcium ions in plants

A

important for cell walls
enzyme regulation,
cell signalling

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8
Q

role of calcium ions in animals

A

bone and teeth formation
hardens teeth + bone
blood clotting

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9
Q

2 types of molecules that contain phosphate

A

DNA
ATP

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10
Q

what is H20

A

a compound

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11
Q

what is condensation?

A

removal of water molecule and formation of a covalent bond between two biochemical groups eg glucose + glucose

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12
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of a molecule of water

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13
Q

micro-nutrients

A

trace concentration

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14
Q

example of micro-nutrients

A

zinc

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15
Q

macronutrents

A

small concentrations

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16
Q

example of macronutrents

A

iron

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17
Q

example of processes inorganic ions are required for

A

muscle contractions
nervous coordination

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18
Q

role of Mg for living things

A
  • part of the chlorophyll - needed for photosynthesis
  • when lacking leaves appear yellow
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19
Q

role of iron for living things

A
  • part of haemoglobin so is involved in transport of oxygen
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20
Q

role of phosphate for living things

A
  • needed for making nucleotides including ATP, DNA + RNA
  • part of phospholipids in cell membranes
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21
Q

role of nitrate for living things

A

making nucleotides including ATP, RNA, DNA
amino acid production

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22
Q

common name for inorganic ions

A

electrolytes, minerals

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23
Q

no magnesium in the soil causes what problem

A

cannot make clorophyll and so the leaves are yellow - chlorosis

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24
Q

lack of glucose in plants lead to …

A

stunted growth

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25
Q

water uses in the body

A

medium for metabolic reactions
important part of cells
transport medium

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26
Q

water is an example of a ….

A

dipole

hydrogen (positive end)
ocseign (negative charged end)
no overall charge

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27
Q

molecule with seperated charge is called

A

polar

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28
Q

strength of hydrogen bonds

A

weak
but very large number of bonds present in water makes molecules dificult to seperate

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29
Q

what do dipoles attract

A

charged particles such as ions and other polar molecules such as glucose

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30
Q

how do H20 atoms reacted around positive charged ions

A

oxygen faces the ion

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31
Q

how do H20 atoms reacted around negative charged ions

A

hydrogen faces the ion

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32
Q

defenetion of latent heat of vapourisation

A

energy required to convert 1 g of a liquid into vapour at the same temp

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33
Q

defenetion of specific heat capacity

A

energy required to raise the temp of 1g of substance through 1 degree C

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34
Q

water is used in many biochem reactions as a reactant because it is a

A

metabolite

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35
Q

how do they form hydrogen bonds

A

cohesion (water molecules attract each other)

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36
Q

how do the water molecules get sorted

A

stick together in a lattice ( called cohesion)

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37
Q

what does cohesion allow

A

columns of water to be drawn up xylem vessels in plants

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38
Q

what type of surface tension does water have

A

high surface tension as a result of cohesion between water molecules at the surface

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39
Q

carbohydrates are organic / inorganic

A

organic compounds

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40
Q

elements in carbohydrates are

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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41
Q

what is a baisic unit of a carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide - an individual sugar molecule

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42
Q

what is the name of two monosaccharide

A

disaccharide

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43
Q

many monosaccharide moleucles combine to form …

A

polysaccharide

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44
Q

what do monosaccharides do

A

small organic molecules are the building blocks for the larger carbohydrates

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45
Q

general formular of monosaccharides

A

(CH 0 )
2 n

name depends on number of carbon atoms in molecule (n)

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46
Q

monosaccharides with 3 carbon atoms name

A

triose

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47
Q

monosaccharides with 5 carbon atoms name

A

pentose

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48
Q

monosaccharides with 6 carbon atoms name

A

hexose

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49
Q

example of a hexose sugar

A

glucose

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50
Q

formula of hexose sugars

A

C H O
6 12 6
but they differ in molecular structure

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51
Q

isomers defneition

A

molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms

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52
Q

what is the structure of water? (5)

A

H20
consists of one oxygem atom joined to two hydrogen atoms by covalent bonds
molecule is a dipole
oxygen has a slightly negaive charge
hydrogen atoms have a slightly positive charge

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53
Q

what does water provide for aquatic animals? (3)

A

buoyancy
support
medium for metabolic processes

54
Q

what processes is water a reactant in

A

photosynthesis
cellular respiration
hydrolosis

55
Q

which processes is water a product from? (3)

A

condensation
cellular respiration
dehydration synthesis

56
Q

what is the defenition of condensation?

A

removal of water molecule and formation of a covalent bond between 2 biochemical groups

57
Q

what is the definiton of hydrolosis?

A

breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of the water moleule

58
Q

why is water an excellent solvent?

A

due to its dipolar nature it attracts charged particles and other polar moleucles allowing them to dissolve (for example sugar mewn panad)

59
Q

what do the majority of waters property arises from?

A

dipolar nature and hydrogen bonds

60
Q

with a positively charged ion which water atom faces the ion

A

mickey mouse atom
oxygen faces the ion

oxygen is delta -

61
Q

with a positively charged ion which water atom faces the ion

A

mickey mouse atom
hydrogen faces the ion

hydrogen is delta +

62
Q

properties of water (7)

A
  • solvent
  • high specific heat capacity
  • high latent heat of vapourisation
  • metabolite
  • cohesion
  • high density
  • transparent
63
Q

biological importance of water being solvent (3)

A

involved in many biochemical reactions (hydrolysis and condensation)
allows polar molecules (glucose, ions) to dissolve
acts as a transport medium eg blood

64
Q

biological importance of water having high specific heat capacity

A

large amount of heat enegry needed to increase temperature of a body of water (due to large number of hydrogen bonds that need to be broken)
large fluctuations in temperature are prevented
aquatic environements are relatively thermally stable

65
Q

biological importance of water having high latent heat of vapourisation

A

large amount of heat energy needed to vapourise water -
often used as a cooling mechanism (sweating in mammals)

66
Q

biological importance of water being a metabolite

A

involved in many biochemical reactions (hydrolysis, condensation) and as a reactant in photosynthesis

67
Q

biological importance of water having cohesion

A

water molecules attract each other and form hydrogen bonds between themselves (allows water to be drawn up xylem of trees) and creates surface tension (pond skater)

68
Q

biological importance of water being transparent

A

allows light to pass through enabeling aquatic plants to photosynthesise.

69
Q

biological importance of water having a high density

A

water has a maxium density of 4 dergree C, as a result ice floats and acts as an insulator, preventing the water underneath from freezing
this protects aquatic habitats

70
Q

how are monosaccharides a source of energy in respiration

A

carbon - carbon and carbon - hydrogen bonds are broken to release energy

71
Q

functions of monosaccharides

A

source of energy in respiration
building blocks for larger molecules
intermediates in reactions
constituients of nucleotides

72
Q

how are disaccharides created

A

two monosaccharide units bonded together with the formation of a glycosidic bond and the elimination of water

73
Q

what kind of reaction is a disaccharide creation

A

condensation

74
Q

3 different types of disaccharides

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

75
Q

what is maltose

A

glucose + glucose

76
Q

what is maltose’s biological role

A

in germinating seeds

77
Q

what is sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

78
Q

what is sucrose’s biological role

A

transport in phloem of flowering plants

79
Q

what is lactose

A

glucose + galactose

80
Q

what is lactose’s biological role

A

in mammalian milk

81
Q

what are reducing sugars

A

sugars that can donate an electron

82
Q

what test to use to test for reducing sugars

A

the benedict’s test

83
Q

how does benedicts test work for testing reducing sugars

A

reducing sugars donates an electron to reduce coper 2 ions in copper sulphate solution which is blue

cu 2 ions reduced to cu 1 ions in red copper 1 oxide

84
Q

benedicts test for testing reducing sugars
short formula

A

2+ - +
Cu + e = Cu

85
Q

dull of benedicts test for testing reducing sugars

A

equal volumes of benedicts and the solution heated to at least 70 degrees C

86
Q

if reducing sugar present colour change for benedict test

A

blue (negative) to green (very low), yellow (low), orange (high) until red brick (very high) precipitate forms

87
Q

why is sucorse annoying ( is a reducing sugar but gives a negative result) on the benedicts test

A

can only be detected if it’s first broken down to it’s constituent monosacharides (for example by heating with hydrochloric acid)
benedicts need alkaline to work so thats added
then heated

88
Q

how could you get sucrose to give a postitive benedict result for reducing sugars by using enzymes

A

use sucrase which hydrolosyses sucrose into glucose and fructose

89
Q

how to get a quantitive measurement of reducing sugars

A

use a biosensor
(important for diabeties for glucose)

90
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

large complex polymers

91
Q

how are polysaccharides formed

A

formed from very large numbers of monosaccharide units which are their monomers linked together by glycosidic bonds

92
Q

defenition of biosensor

A

a device which combines a biomolecule such as an enzyme with a transducer to produce an electrical signal which measures the concentration of the chemical

93
Q

defenition of a polymer

A

a large molecule comprising of repeatedunits and monomers bonded together

94
Q

defenition of monomer

A

single repeating unit of a polymer

95
Q

what would happen if the gluocse was free in the cell

A

glucose is soluble in water, would increase the concentration of the cell contents and consquently draw water in through osmosis

96
Q

how is glucose stored

A

converting glucose into stratch in plant cells and glycogen in animals

97
Q

what are startch and glycogen

A

storage products
polysaccharides

98
Q

properties of glycogen and starch (4)

A

insoluble so have no osmotic effect
cannot diffuse out of the cell
compact molecules and can be stored in a small space
carry a lot of energy in their C-C and C-H bonds

99
Q

how is starch made

A

a-glucose molecules bonded together in 2 different ways forming 2 polymers - amylose and amylopectin

100
Q

what is amylose

A

linear, unbranched molecule with a-1-4 glycosidic bonds forming between the first carbon atom (C1) on one glucose monomer and the fourth carbon atom (C4) on the adjacent one

this is repeated forming a chain which coils into a helix

101
Q

what is a monomer

A

simplest unit of a polymer

102
Q

what is dimer

A

2 monomers

103
Q

polymer meaning

A

chain of monomers

104
Q

what is a structural formula

A

atom arrangement in molecule

105
Q

what is a molecular formula

A

number + type of atoms present

106
Q

what is an isomer

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but with a different arrangement of atoms

107
Q

what is the general term for a single sugar unit

A

monosaccharide

108
Q

how many carbons does triose have

A

3

109
Q

what is the general formula for a mnosaccharide

A

( CH O)
2 n

n is number of carbon atoms

110
Q

example of a triose sugar

A

glyceraldehyde

111
Q

example of pentos sugars (2)

A

ribose
deuoxyribose

112
Q

hexose examples (3)

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

113
Q

2 molecules that contain ribose

A

rna + atp

114
Q

what molecules contain deuoxyribose

A

dna

115
Q

function of triose sugars

A

important in cellular respiration

116
Q

function of hexose sugars

A

photosyntehsis

117
Q

why are glucose, galactose and fructose isomers of each other?

A

all have
C H O
6 12 6

but different structural arrangements

118
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

small organic molecules containing carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

119
Q

what do carbohydrates do (4)

A

bulding blocks for complex moleucles like ribose
source of energy - glucose
energy storage molecules like glycogen and starch
structual support like cellulose and chitin - bug exoskeloton

120
Q

what is triose’s use?

A

important in metabolism

121
Q

function of pentose

A

constituent of nucleotides

122
Q

function of hexose

A

glucose

123
Q

proper name for OH on diagram

A

hydroxel group

124
Q

where is the differneces in isomers

A

at carbon one

125
Q

alpha glucose

A

same on both sides

126
Q

beta glucose

A

opposite

127
Q

how are alpha and beta different

A

where the OH is (hydroxel group)
changes the way they join to other molecules

128
Q

what are disaccharides

A

formed by joining two monosaccharides together
loss of water molecule and formation of glycosidic bond via condensation reaction

129
Q

where do glycosidic bonds form

A

between carbon 1+4

130
Q

how to break down disaccharides into monosaccharides

A

chemical addition of water - hydrolysis

131
Q
A

Biology AS Level 🌺 (2 decks)

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