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Bio Review For Exam 1 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are large molecules called?

A

Macromolecules

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2
Q

What are polymers?

A

Macromolecules that are composed of small, repeated molecules

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3
Q

Monomers are:

A

Small molecules that form the polymers

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4
Q

If molecules were a necklace the _______ are the whole necklace, and the _____ are the beads

A

Polymers, monomers

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5
Q

When polymers are made, water is removed and the reaction is called :

A

Dehydration synthesis

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6
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

When polymers are broken apart, water is added

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7
Q

What are the 3 kinds of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

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9
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Dna and rna

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11
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleotides

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12
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

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13
Q

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a carbohydrates?

A

C1H2O1

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14
Q

How many sugars do monosaccharides have?

A

One sugar

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15
Q

What do you call a complex carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharide (many sugars)

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16
Q

What is the monomer of all the complex carbohydrates?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A

Rapidly mobilized source of energy

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18
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Long term energy storage in animals

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19
Q

What is the function ofstarch?

A

Long term energy storage in plants

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20
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Structural in plants

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21
Q

Glucose is an example of a _______ carbohydrate

A

Simple

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22
Q

How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does glucose have?

A

C6H12O6

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23
Q

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are ______ carbohydrates

A

Complex

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24
Q

What are thepolymers for complex carbohydrates?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

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25
Q

What are the 4 types of structures in complex carbohydrates?

A

Branched, unbranched, coiled, hydrogen bonded

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26
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Tightly packed, uncoiled and hard to digest

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27
Q

What is the structure of starch?

A

Coiled and may be branched

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28
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

Coiled with extensive branching

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29
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver and muscle

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30
Q

What monomer is starch composed of?

A

Glucose

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31
Q

The more branches a carbohydrate has, the ________

A

Easier it is to digest

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32
Q

The complex carbohydrate stored in plants for energy is?

A

Starch

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33
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No

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34
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

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35
Q

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

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36
Q

What are the 3 functions of triglycerides?

A

Energy storage, insulation, protection of vital organs

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37
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides ?
A. Two fatty acids joined to one glycerol
B. Three fatty acids joined to one glycerol
C. Two lipids and an amino acid
D three lipids and two amino acids

A

B.

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38
Q

Butter, lard (animal fat), and vegetable oils are all examples of ________

A

Triglycerides

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39
Q

What is the structure of saturated fatty acids?

A

Carbon chain with no double bond

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40
Q

What is the structure of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Carbon chain with at least one double bond

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41
Q

Animal fats contain mainly ______ fatty acids

A

Saturated

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42
Q

Vegetable oils are mainly _______ and ________ fatty acids

A

Unsaturated,polyunsaturated

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43
Q

Transfats are called ______ oils

A

Hydrogenated

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44
Q

Hydrogenated oils are ______ oils that have been chemically saturated so they will be _______ at room temperature

A

Unsaturated, solid

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45
Q

Omega-3s are a type of _______ fat

A

Unsaturated

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46
Q

Where is the carbon double bond located on an omega-3 fat?

A

Three carbons from the end

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47
Q

Omega means _______

A

End

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48
Q

What is the healthiest type of fat?

A

Omega-3

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49
Q

How do omega-3 protect against heart disease?

A

Reducing bad cholesterol

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50
Q

Where can you get omega-3 from?

A

Fatty fish (salmon,tuna),walnuts, flax

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51
Q 
Which type of fatty acid does not contain a carbon-carbon double bond?
A. Polyunsaturated
B. Omega 3 unsaturated
C. Transfat
D. Saturated
A

Saturated

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52
Q 
Triglycerides are so named because they are formed by a reaction between three fatty acid molecules and one \_\_\_\_\_\_
A. Amino acid
B. Glucose
C. Glycerol
D. Glycogen
A

Glycerol

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53
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Main component of cell membranes

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54
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

Glycerol + two fatty acids + a charged phosphate group + “R” group

55
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts to it

56
Q

Are phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic ?

A

Neither, they are both. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

57
Q

The head of a phospholipid is the ______ end and the tail is the _____ end

A

Phosphate, lipid

58
Q

Is the phosphate end of a phospholipid polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar and soluble in water

59
Q

Is the lipid end of a phospholipid, soluble in water?

A

No, it is hydrophobic

60
Q

What are the two types of steroids?

A

Hormones and cholesterol

61
Q

What is the function of hormones?

A

Signaling between cells

62
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

part of the cell membrane

63
Q

What structure do steroids have?

A

Four ring backbone, with side chains attached

64
Q

Side chains make each steroid ________

A

Unique

65
Q

Which lipid is the main component of membranes?

A

Phospholipids

66
Q

Which complex carbohydrate is branched?

A
67
Q 
Which is not a complex carbohydrate?
A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Cellulose
D. Glucose
A

D. Glucose

68
Q

What biological molecule is not coiled?
A. Starch
B. Cellulose
C. Glycogen

A

Cellulose

69
Q

One function of proteins

A

Facilitate chemical reactions(enzymes), transport, movement of muscles, structure, cell signalling, nutrition, defense, components of cell membrane, immune response, hormones

70
Q

Proteins are ______ made up of ________ acids

A

Polymers, amino

71
Q

There are ______ amino acids

A

20

72
Q

Each of the 20 amino acids have a different _____ for ______

A

Substitution, R

73
Q

Amino acids that form proteins are linked by bonds called ________

A

Peptide bonds

74
Q

Peptide bonds are formed through what?

A

Dehydration synthesis

75
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Chains of amino acids

76
Q

Polypeptide chains needs to have at least how many amino acids to be considered proteins?

A

50

77
Q

What shape are proteins folded into?

A

3 dimensional shape

78
Q

What is a protein?

A

Polypeptide chains of at least 50 amino acids

79
Q

What are the 4 distinct levels of structure that affect a protein’s function in the body?

A

Primay, seconary, teritiary, quaternary

80
Q

The structural features within a polypeptide chain occur within which level of structure?

A

Secondary

81
Q

What are the structural features seen in the secondary structure?

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

82
Q

What is going on during primary structure?

A

Amino acid sequence

83
Q

The multiple polypeptides interacting happen during which distinct level of structure?

A

Quaternary

84
Q

What happens during the tertiary structure?

A

Overall folding of a single polypeptide chain

85
Q

What does the amino acid sequence determine?

A

Function and structure

86
Q

What determines if amino acid forms coils or sheets?

A

Determined by primary structure

87
Q

What kind of polypeptide chain can contain both a-helix and b pleated sheets?

A

Single polypeptide chain

88
Q

What do chaperone proteins do?

A

Aide in folding of polypeptide chains

89
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Changes in the chemical environment of a protein can cause it to lose its structure, resulting in a loss of function

90
Q

What two things are the major causes of denaturation?

A

Temperature and/or pH

91
Q

Which proteins have quaternary structure?

A

Those with more than one polypeptide chain

92
Q

What level of structure refers to alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets in proteins?

A

Secondary

93
Q

What level of structure refers to overall folding of a single ppc ?

A

Tertiary

94
Q

What are enzymes ?

A

Proteins that help reactions to happen, speed up chemical reactions

95
Q

What are the only types of reactions enzymes can speed up?

A

Reactions that would eventually happen, reactions that may take years

96
Q

What are the 3 enzyme properties ?

A

Usually specific to their substrate, not consumed (destroyed) in the process, they have optimal conditions (pH, temperature)

97
Q

Pepsin and trypsin are examples of ________

A

Digestive enzymes

98
Q

Where is pepsin found?

A

Stomach

99
Q

Which digestive enzyme is found in the intestine?

A

Trypsin

100
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Molecule that is being changed in the reaction

101
Q

What is the active site ?

A

Place in the enzyme where the substrate binds

102
Q

What is the product?

A

The end result

103
Q

What are the 2 functions of nucleotides?

A

Energy and cell metabolism

104
Q

Atp is an example of

A

Energy

105
Q

NAD+/NADH function in _____

A

Cell metabolism

106
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

Five carbon sugar, with attached phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base

107
Q

What are the bases for nucleotides?

A

Adenine, thymine, vracil, guanine, cytosine

108
Q

A nucleic acid is a _______ and a chain/chains of nucleotides is a ______

A

Polymer, monomer

109
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

110
Q

What is the function of dna

A

Blueprint to make proteins

111
Q

What is the function of rna

A

Protein synthesis

112
Q

Is rna doublestranded or single stranded

A

Single

113
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases in rna?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

114
Q

What sugar does rna have?

A

Ribose

115
Q

What do the 2 strands of dna form?

A

Double helix

116
Q

What sugar does dna have

A

Deoxyribose

117
Q

What nitrogenous base clues dna have?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

118
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

119
Q

What is the monomer of protein?

A

Amino acids

120
Q

What is the difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride?
A. PL has glycerol, TG does not
B. PL has fatty acids, TG does not
C. PL has an R group, TG does not

A

Phospholipid has an r group, triglyceride does not

121
Q

What is an example of an amino group?

A

H2N

122
Q

What is an example of a carboxyl group?

A

-COOH

123
Q 
Which of the following is not found in ATP?
A. Sugar
B. A nitrogen containing base
C. A phosphate group
D. All of these are found in ATP
A

D.

124
Q 
You recieved your genetic material from your parents in the form of DNA. Your DNA provides your cells with instructions for making \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A. Polysaccharides
B. Proteins
C. Cholesterol
D. Lipids
A

B

125
Q 
This nitrogenous base is found in rna but not in dna
A. Thymine
B. Guanine
C. Cytosine
D. Adenine
E. Uracil
A

Uracil

126
Q 
A complex carbohydrate that is made by plants and for long term energy is:
A. Chitin
B. Glycogen
C. Starch
D. Cellulose
A

C. Starch

127
Q

Trans fats are _______ fats
A. Saturated
B. Unsaturated

A

Unsaturated

128
Q

______ is the process of using water to break bonds

A

A. Dehydration synthesis

B. Hydrolysis

129
Q 
What bond is formed between two amino acids?
A. Ether
B. Phosphodiester
C. Ionic
D. Peptide
E. Glycosidic
A

D-peptide

130
Q 
The monomer unit of complex carbohydrates are: 
A. Nucleotides
B. Amino acids
C. Glucose
D. Thymine
A

Glucose

131
Q 
The monomer of a protein is a
A. Amino acid
B. Glucose
C. Guanine
D. Nucleotide
A

Amino acid

132
Q

Glucose has a lot of________

A

OH

133
Q

Amino acids have a ______ group

A

NH

Bio Review For Exam 1 (4 decks)

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