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KIN 122 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

study of how people influence each other and other factors that affect social behaviour

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2
Q

What do North Americans tend to do?

A

conform to the norm

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3
Q

Explain the Social Philosophy Approach.

A

Pre-19th century
Speculation about causes of behaviour
No systematic observations

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4
Q

Explain the Empiricism Approach.

A

19th century
Growth of natural & biological sciences
Systematic data gathering but lacked theory

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5
Q

Explain the Social Analysis Approach.

A

20th century
Avoids simple principles
Seeking the why and how of social behaviour

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6
Q

What are the theories in social psychology?

A

Psychoanalytic
Behavioural
Cognitive

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7
Q

Who is the father of psychoanalytic theories?

A

Freud

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8
Q

Who is the father of behaviour theories?

A

Pavlov

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9
Q

Who is the father of cognitive theories?

A

Gestalt

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10
Q

Explain psychoanalytic theories.

A

Concerned with transformation of man from biological organism to social being
Internal states direct specific behaviours unconsciously

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11
Q

What are contributions of psychoanalytic theories?

A

socialization of the individual, personality development, family structure, sources of aggressive behaviour

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12
Q

Explain behaviour theories.

A

how behaviour is acquired & emitted

rejects concepts that cant be empirically tested

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13
Q

Explain cognitive theories.

A

process of perception & perceptual organization

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14
Q

what are some examples of cognitive theories?

A

Attribution Theory: attributing wins or losses to something

Self-Efficacy Theory

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15
Q

How do we study social psychology?

A

Lab vs Field

Experimental vs Non-experimental studies

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16
Q

What is demand characteristics and where is it commonly seen?

A

Acting differently because you are being watched

In a lab

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17
Q

What does an experimental study generate?

A

Cause-effect questions

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18
Q

What does non-experimental studies generate?

A

correlation studies

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19
Q

True or False: correlation always equals causation

A

cap

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20
Q

What did Stanley Milgrams Obedience Experiment study?

A

obedience toward authority

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21
Q

What did Norman Triplett study?

A

first social & sport psych exp.

effects of others on performance

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22
Q

Who set the groundwork for Social Facilitation Theory?

A

Norman Triplett

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23
Q

What did Muzfer Sherif’s Cave Study examine?

A

intergroup conflict & competition

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24
Q

What is social influence?

A

real or imagined pressure to change one’s behaviour, attitude, or beliefs

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25
Q

What are the responses to group pressure?

A

Conformity-change in behaviour or belief toward a group
Independence-resistance or avoidance
Anticonformity-direct opposition to group norms (sabotage)

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26
Q

What is a social group?

A

a collectivity that has psychological implication for the individual

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27
Q

What is legitimate power?

A

based on one’s socially sanctioned claim to a position/role that gives the right to power

28
Q

Expert power?

A

assumption that the power holder possesses superior skills and abilities

29
Q

Reward power?

A

control over the distribution of rewards given to individuals

30
Q

Coercive power?

A

ability to punish/threaten others who dont comply with requests/demands

31
Q

Referent power?

A

based on ones identification with, attraction to, or respect for the powerholder

32
Q

What is social support?

A

percevied comfort, caring, assistance, & information that a person receives from others

33
Q

Instrumental support?

A

practical assistance that will help a person achieve goals

34
Q

Emotional support?

A

expressions of encouragement, caring, empathy, concern toward a person

35
Q

Informational support?

A

giving directions, advice, or suggestions, providing feedback regarding progress

36
Q

Companionship support?

A

availability of persons within one’s social network

37
Q

Validation support?

A

comparing oneself with others to gauge progress and confirm that one’s thoughts, feelings, problems, and experiences are normal

38
Q

What happens when you pressure or make family members feel guilty about exercise?

A

decreased PA

39
Q

What is behavioural reactance?

A

people respond in a direction opposite to the direction being advocated

40
Q

What tends to happen with reward power for PA?

A

encourages initial attendance, not effective over long term

41
Q

What increases exercise intentions in a family?

A

social support

42
Q

What is motivation?

A

internal/external forces that produce the initiation, direction, & persistence of behaviour

43
Q

What are the 3 components of motivation?

A

Direction of effort
Intensity of effort
Persistence

44
Q

What is intrinsic motivation ?

A

engaging in behaviours because of interest & enjoyment

45
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

engaging in behvaiours to attain rewards or outcomes that lie outside the activity

46
Q

What are the views of motivation?

A

Trait-centered: individual characteristics
Situation-centered: environmental factors critical
Interaction-centered: interaction between personal & environmental factors

47
Q

What are the approaches to understanding motivation for behavioural change?

A

Behaviour approaches
Cognitive approaches
Cognitive-behavioural approaches

48
Q

Who are the founders of behaviourism?

A

Watson and Skinner

49
Q

What is the behaviour approach?

A

focuses on conditioning

learning from the environment determines peoples action

50
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

behaviours associated with consequences learned through reinforcement or punishment

51
Q

What is reinforcement and its two types?

A

any factor that increases frequency of behaviour
positive=factor that increases behaviour
negative=removal of any factor that increases behaviour

52
Q

What is punishment?

A

any factor that decreases frequency of behaviour

53
Q

What is vicarious conditioning?

A

results from observing others

54
Q

Who is the founder of the cognitive approach?

A

Aaron Beck

55
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

emphasizes thought patterns & cognitive habits as causes of behaviour
individuals interpretation of external environment has powerful influence on behaviour

56
Q

What is the locus of control in attribution theory?

A

internal=ability and effort

external=task difficulty and luck

57
Q

What is stability?

A

stable=ability and task difficulty

unstable=effort and luck

58
Q

What do we tend to do when an outcome is different from experience?

A

endorse an unstable attribution

59
Q

What do we tend to do when an outcome is expercted?

A

endorse a stable attribution

60
Q

What is unstable from game to game?

A

effort

61
Q

What is the Social Cognitive theory?

A

Albert Bandura
Describes the factors that affect & determine behaviour
Key component is self-efficacy

62
Q

What is self-determination theory?

A

extent to which behaviours are undertaken from an individuals own choice vs controlled by something external

63
Q

What makes up the self-determination theory’s motivational continuum

A

amotivation=absence of motivation
external regulation=type of extrinsic motivation, fulfilling a demand
Introjected regulation=type of extrinsic motivation, avoid negative emotions, enhance positive emotions, maintain self-worth
Identified regulation=type of extrinsic motivation, activity is linked to important goals that stem from the activity
Integrated regulation=type of extrinsic motivation, activity is symbolic of identity
Intrinsic regulation=activity is satisfying

64
Q

Who is the founder of cognitive-behavioural approaches?

A

Donald Meichenbaum

65
Q

What are cognitive-behavioural approaches based on?

A

cognitive emotions influence behaviour

behaviour can affect thoughts and emotions

66
Q

Examples of behavioural-cognitive approaches?

A

Goal setting

Feedback

67
Q

What does the SMART principle stand for?

A 
Specific 
Measureable
Adjustable
Realistic
Timely

KIN 122 (5 decks)

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