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Biomechanics V3 > 10: Soft Tissue Mechanics IV - Vardaxis > Flashcards

10: Soft Tissue Mechanics IV - Vardaxis Flashcards

1
Q

transmits tensile forces created in muscle to the bone

A

tendon

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2
Q

what are tendons synthesized by?

A

tenocytes and tenoblasts

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3
Q

limits joint motion

A

ligament

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4
Q

which has more elastin?

A

ligament

both tendons and ligaments are mostly made of collagen

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5
Q

tendon –>

A 
fasicle
fibril
subfibril
microfibril
tropo-collagen
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6
Q

the type I collagen fibril in the tendon are oriented …

A

in a general sense along one axis

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7
Q

withstand unidirecitonal loads

A

tendons

ligaments resist tensile stress in one direction and smaller stresses in other directions

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8
Q

synovial sheaths around tendons do what biomechanically?

A

under the annular puleys that act as a fulcrum, adding a mechanic advantage to flexion

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9
Q

those tendons that do not have synovial sheath may have…

A

paratenon to reduce friction

  • composed of loose fibrillar tissue (type I and III collagen)
  • functions as an elastic sleeve that permits free movement of tendon against surrounding tissue
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10
Q

located under the paratenon and surrounds the tendon

A

epitenon

- fibrilalr network of collagen

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11
Q

epitenon fibers at 60 degrees to the tendon axis reorient to _______ after stretching

A

30 degrees

angle decreases

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12
Q

thin network of crisscross collagen fibrils that envelop the primary, seconday and tertiary fiber bundles together

A

endotenon

allow fiber bundles to glide with repect to each other

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13
Q

carry blood vesels, nerves and lymph to tendon

A

endotenon

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14
Q

disappears when stretched and reappears when unloaded

A

crimping of tendons

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15
Q

biomechanical characteristics of tendons

A
  • tensile strength: due to collagen
  • adequate flexibility: elastin fibers
  • inextensibility: efficient transmission of force from muscles to bones
  • inferior resistance against shear and compressive forces
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16
Q

what are the disadvantages if tendon elasticity increases?

A

not as good for transmission of forces

17
Q

the greater cross sectional area of tendon, the ____________ stiffness and stress

A

greater the stiffness and greater the maximum stress

STRAIN remains the same

18
Q

longer tendon length, the _________ stiffness and elongation

A
  • the less the stiffness

- the greater the elongation

19
Q

secondary biomechanical functions of tendons

A
  • eliminates unnecessary length of muscle (enables belly to be at distance from joint)
  • absorbs shocks (limits damage to muscle)
20
Q

why do tendons have a toe region on stress-strain graph? (1.5-4%)

A
  • waviness of fiber bundles straightened out

- continued elongation will result in increased stiffness

21
Q

tensile strength of tendon is ________ the strength of muscle it is attached to

A

twice

22
Q

describe creep and load in tendon

A

creep - isontonic contraction, tendon will lengthen slightly and more muscle fibers will be recruited in order to maintain the position of limb

stress - isometric contraction, stress in tendon decreases with time (night splint)

23
Q

what happens to a tendon with repeated loads?

A

steady state develops after 10-20 cycles

- if not warmed up, the same amount of load causes more stress

24
Q

tendon is under risk of damage when …

A
  • tension applied quickly
  • tension applied obliquely
  • tendon is preloaded before injurious load
25
Q

where will a ligament fail with high loading rate? low loading rate?

A

high- midsubstance

low - bony insertion

26
Q

the physical properties of tendon and ligament tissue depend on …

A

number and quality of cross-links within and between the collagen molecules

27
Q

aging effects on biomechanical properties of tendons and ligament

A

up to 20 yo

  • increase cross links
  • decrease toe region
  • increase collagen diameter
  • increase tensile strength

after 20 yo

  • decrease collagen diameter
  • decrease stiffness and tensile strength
28
Q

gender differences

A
  • tendon siffness and young’s modulus are lower in women
29
Q

immobilization causes …

A

weaker tissue, less stiff that undergoes larger elongation for the same load

Biomechanics V3 (3 decks)

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