1 - Intro

Question 1

William C Dement transfused blood from sleepy dogs to well rested dogs. What happened?

Answer 1

The rested dogs became sleepy. Theorized to be because of a buildup of some sort of ‘toxin’ during wakefulness

Question 2

What features of encephalitis enlargica showed that sleep is modulated by brain?

Answer 2

Some people lethargic, some insomnia.

Front part of hypothalamus destroyed (insomnia)
Posterior part of hypothalamus destroyed (lethargy)

Question 3

Lumis’s idea of light and dark environments

Answer 3

Classified sleep into different stages (close, but not same as modern stages) and identified sleep spindles

Question 4

Bremer’s encephale isole (A level isolated hindbrain), and cerveau isole (B level isolated whole brain)

Answer 4

Encephale isole allowed brain to osculate between EEG wake-like and sleep-like arrangements

Cervau isole couldn’t osculate because cranial nerves couldn’t make it into the cortex (or is it the other way around?)

Conclusion was that without sensory input, state of wakefulness couldn’t be changed (consistent with Aristotle)

Question 5

Providing sensory information to what part of Bremer’s brain wakes the brain up?

Answer 5

Encephale isole

Question 6

What is the ARAS?

Answer 6

It’s not the direct sensory input from the body to the brain that keeps you awake,

Sensory nerves send out collateral feeds into amorphous pool of excitation (ascending reticular activating system - ARAS) to keep you awake. So large sensory nerves may be cut and sensory information can still arouse to wakefulness.

Question 7

True or false? The ARAS is a diffuse system in the brain?

Answer 7

False

ARAS is a core brainstem system

Question 8

Who is one of the pioneers in sleep medicine and science (first sleep lab) and helped identify REM in the 1950s?

Answer 8

William C. Dement

Question 9

What did Bremer’s encephale isole and cerveau isole show?

Answer 9

That sensory input carried be the cranial nerves was necessary in order to arouse the cortex to wakefulness.

Question 10

Who mentored WIlliam C Dement and co-discovered REM sleep in the 50s?

Answer 10

Nathaniel Kleitman

Question 11

During REM, oscillograms show what?

Answer 11

Rapid and opposing peaks between the left and right eye

Question 12

What is the Mandukya Upanishad?

Answer 12

A 1000 BCE scripture of Hindu.

• Vaisvanara - Waking state (conscious of external objects)
• Taijas - Dream state (conscious of internal objects)
• Deep sleep