1. Foundational Concepts

Question 1

How are cells interdependent on other systems?

Answer 1

Healthy function of the entire organism creates an environment that the cells need to function normally

Question 2

Types of anatomical study

Answer 2

Gross anatomy
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Cytology
Histology

Question 3

Physiology

Answer 3

The dynamic study of vital functions of organisms, with a focus on homeostasis and adaptation

Question 4

What are the most abundant atoms in the human body?

Answer 4

O (largest amount - 65%)

C (18.5%)
H (9.5%)
N (3.2%)
Ca (1.5%)
P (1%)
K (0.4%)
S (0.3%)
Na (0.2%)
Cl (0.2%)
Mg (0.1%)

B, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Sn, V, Zn (trace elements < 1%)

Question 5

Atomic number

Answer 5

Number of protons in the atom

Determines the identity of the element

Question 6

Atomic weight

Answer 6

Number of protons + number of neutrons

Question 7

Max # electrons in FIRST shell

Answer 7

2

Question 8

Max # electrons in SECOND+ shell

Answer 8

8

Question 9

The outermost electron shell

Answer 9

Valence shell

Question 10

Atomic stability

Answer 10

The atom’s valence shell is full

Question 11

3 fundamental chemical reactions

Answer 11

Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange

Question 12

Synthesis

Answer 12

2 components bond to form a larger molecule
Requires energy, which is stored in the bond

NOTE + BOOK –> NOTEBOOK

Question 13

Decomposition

Answer 13

Bonds between components of a larger molecule are broken, resulting in smaller products

BOOKWORM –> BOOK + WORM

Question 14

Exchange

Answer 14

Bonds are formed AND broken such that the components of the reactants are rearranged

NOTEBOOK + WORM –> NOTE + BOOKWORM

Question 15

Enzyme

Answer 15

Binds to reactant and lowers activation energy required, resulting in faster progression of the reaction

Question 16

Energy required to bring reactants together

Answer 16

Activation energy

Question 17

Organic

Answer 17

Contains carbon AND hydrogen

eg) glucose, triglycerides, proteins

Question 18

Inorganic

Answer 18

Does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

eg) water, dioxide, carbon dioxide

Question 19

Special properties of water

Answer 19

1) Universal solvent due to polar covalent bonds
2) High heat capacity (blood is 50% plasma and distributes heat adaptively)
3) Heat of vaporization (heat loss through evaporation of sweat)
- - through 2 & 3, regulation of body temperature –
4) Cohesive properties - high surface tension
5) Low viscosity (does not require much energy to move)
6) Medium for many chemical reactions

Through the above, water is able to:

• Moisten tissue
• Lubricate joints
• Facilitate moving waste products
• Carry oxygen & nutrients to cells
• Dissolve minerals, other nutrients. to make them accessible to the body
• Movement of the digestive tract
• Reduce friction / cushion joints

Question 20

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 20

Water is removed to join monomers

OH is removed from one monomer
H is removed from the other monomer

H(sub 2)O is formed

Two monomers are linked by a covalent bond with O

Question 21

Hydrolysis

Answer 21

Water is added to break two monomers apart

Two monomers are linked by a covalent bond with O

H(sub 2)O is added

One monomer binds to OH
The other monomer (still bound to O) binds to H