1/2 Psychological development

Question 1

what is psychological development?

Answer 1

refers to an individuals changes and lifelong growth across emotional, cognitive, and social domains

Question 2

what is social psychological development?

Answer 2

changes in an individual’s relationships with other people and their skills in interacting with others

Question 3

what is cognitive psychological development?

Answer 3

changes in an individual’s mental abilities such as decision-making, problem-solving, reasoning and use of language

Question 4

what is emotional psychological development?

Answer 4

changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and how these feelings are expressed interpreted and dealt with

Question 5

what is nature?

Answer 5

the full collection of our genes known as the ‘human genome’

Question 6

what is nurture?

Answer 6

refers to our environment, and the things within it that shape us

Question 7

what are twin studies?

Answer 7

through studying twins psychologists have been able to gain a better understanding of which psychological characteristics more likely influenced by environment

Question 8

what are adoption studies?

Answer 8

similarities between children and adoptive parents = nurture. similarities between adopted children and biological parents = nature

Question 9

what are enriched surroundings?

Answer 9

all basic needs and more are provided so the environment positively contributes to growth and development of an individual

Question 10

what are deprived surroundings?

Answer 10

basic needs are lacking, individual is not exposed to stimulation to allow normal growth and development

Question 11

what are biological factors?

Answer 11

internal genetic/ psychologically based factors that can be passed down or can come about later in life

Question 12

what are psychological factors?

Answer 12

internal factors pertaining to an individual’s mental processes including their cognition , thoughts, beliefs and attitudes

Question 13

what are social factors?

Answer 13

internal factors pertaining to an individual’s interactions with others and their external; environment, including relationships and community involvement

Question 14

what are hereditary factors?

Answer 14

factors that influence the development and are generally passed down from their biological parents

Question 15

what are environmental factors?

Answer 15

factors that influence development and arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings

Question 16

what is secure attachment?

Answer 16

the needs of the infant are consistently met by their primary caregiver, allowing the infant to feel calmed by the caregiver’s presence

Question 17

what is insecure-avoidant attachment?

Answer 17

the infant may avoid or be reluctant to receive contact from the caregiver, usually due to the caregiver not responding to their needs

Question 18

what is insecure-anxious attachment?

Answer 18

infant fluctuates between clinging t and rejecting their caregiver, due to the caregiver inconsistently meeting the infants needs

Question 19

what are the ages/ achievements for the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 19

0-2, (+) object permanence, (+) goal directed behaviour

Question 20

what are the ages/ achievements for the pre-operational stage?

Answer 20

2-7, (-) egocentrism, (-) centration, (+) reversability

Question 21

what are the ages/ achievements for the concrete operational stage?

Answer 21

7-12, (+) conservation, (+) classification, (+) mental operations

Question 22

what are the ages/ achievements for the formal operational stage?

Answer 22

12+, (+) abstract thinking, (+) reasoning and logic

Question 23

what is assimilation?

Answer 23

the process of taking in new information and fitting it into an existing mental idea (schemata)

Question 24

what is accommodation?

Answer 24

refers to changing an existing mental idea in order to fit in new information

Question 25

what are the observational learning elements?

Answer 25

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement

Question 26

what happens in the attention stage?

Answer 26

learner actively watches models behaviour

Question 27

what happens in the retention stage?

Answer 27

learner stores the memory in a mental representation to be used later

Question 28

what happens in the reproduction stage?

Answer 28

learner is able to replicate what was observed (doesn’t carry out the behaviour yet)

Question 29

what happens in the motivation stage?

Answer 29

the learner must want to perform the learned behaviour, it must have a desirable outcome

Question 30

what happens in the reinforcement stage?

Answer 30

the learner is reinforced or punished when behaviour is performed

Question 31

what is Bandura’s theory of social learning?

Answer 31

a form of social learning that is observational learning, occurs through watching another person’s behaviour

Question 32

what are critical periods in psychological development?

Answer 32

the narrow rigid developmental period in which a specific skill or function must be learnt

Question 33

what are sensitive periods in psychological development?

Answer 33

the optimal developmental period for a specific function or skill to be learnt in the fastest and easiest way

Question 34

what happened in the Genie case study?

Answer 34

genie faced extreme neglect/ abuse until she was 13.5 because she was trapped in her critical/ sensitive periods she was unable to gain some skills and functions

Question 35

what is typical behaviour?

Answer 35

an activity that is consistent with how an individual usually behaves

Question 36

what is atypical behaviour?

Answer 36

an activity that is unusual or unnatural according to how an individual usually behaves

Question 37

what is maladaptive behaviour?

Answer 37

an action that impairs an individual’s ability to meet the changing demands of their everyday lives

Question 38

what is normality?

Answer 38

the state of having thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that are considered common and acceptable

Question 39

what is abnormality?

Answer 39

the state of deviating from the norm, usually in a way that is undesirable

Question 40

what is the socio-cultural approach to normality?

Answer 40

perceived as normal according to the social and cultural context that they are apart of

Question 41

what is the functional approach to normality?

Answer 41

considered normal if their, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours allow them to cope with the demands of everyday life

Question 42

what is the historical approach to normality?

Answer 42

what is perceived as normal changes throughout different historical periods

Question 43

what is the medical approach to normality?

Answer 43

things that are considered abnormal can have underlying biological causes and can be diagnosed according to different symptoms

Question 44

what is the statistical approach to normality?

Answer 44

normality is based on how the majority of people, think, feel and behave

Question 45

what is the situational approach to normality?

Answer 45

normality is based on what is acceptable in different contexts

Question 46

what is adaptive behaviour?

Answer 46

behaviour that allows you to adjust to the environment appropriately and function effectively

Question 47

what is mental wellbeing?

Answer 47

an individual’s current psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions

Question 48

what is adaptation?

Answer 48

Piaget believed that cognitive and intellectual development occurs through the process of adaptation