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UNIT 4 CRIMINOLOGY > 02 Forms Of Social Control > Flashcards

02 Forms Of Social Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is social control?

A

Social control involves pressures to persuade or compel members of society to conform to the rules.

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2
Q

What are internal forms of social control?

A

Internal forms of social control regulate our own behaviour in accordance with accepted forms.

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3
Q

What is Rational Ideology in the context of internal social control?

A

People may not engage in criminal activity because they believe the laws are right and protect the population.

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4
Q

How does upbringing influence internal forms of social control?

A

Upbringing can instill a conscience that guides individuals to follow laws and rules.

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5
Q

What role does tradition play in internal forms of social control?

A

Tradition, including religious and cultural practices, can ensure individuals follow rules and are less likely to break laws.

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6
Q

What is the internalization of social rules and morality?

A

It is the process of adopting social rules and morality as part of one’s inner self based on social values.

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7
Q

What is the main function of external forms of social control?

A

External forms of social control are techniques and strategies for preventing criminal behavior in society.

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8
Q

What is the role of the police in external social control?

A

The police use powers of stop and search, arrest, and detention to compel people to abide by the law.

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9
Q

What is coercion in the context of social control?

A

Coercion is the use of force to achieve a desired end, which may be physical or non-violent.

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10
Q

What are the two types of deterrence?

A
  • Individual deterrence
  • General deterrence
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11
Q

How does the CPS contribute to external social control?

A

The CPS charges suspects and prosecutes them in court to compel adherence to the law.

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12
Q

What is the role of courts in external social control?

A

Courts determine guilt and impose sentences to compel adherence to the law.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of prisons in external social control?

A

Prisons detain offenders for the duration of their sentence to compel compliance with the law.

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14
Q

What does the national probation service do?

A

It recalls offenders to prison and facilitates community sentences to ensure compliance with the law.

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15
Q

What do control theories explain?

A

Control theories explain why people do not commit crimes and why they abide by the law.

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16
Q

What are the four key bonds identified by Travis Hirschi that prevent crime?

A
  • Attachment
  • Commitment
  • Involvement
  • Belief
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17
Q

What is Walter C. Reckless’s view on crime prevention?

A

A combination of internal psychological containments and external social containments prevents crime.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Internal forms of social control include _______.

A

[conscience, upbringing, and family traditions]

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19
Q

True or False: Fear of punishment is a key concept in deterrence.

A

True

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20
Q

What is individual deterrence?

A

Punishment imposed on offenders to deter them from committing further crimes.

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21
Q

What does general deterrence aim to achieve?

A

It aims to prevent others from committing similar crimes through fear of punishment.

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22
Q

How does socialization contribute to internalization of rules?

A

Socialization through parents and culture helps individuals determine right from wrong.

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23
Q

Who is the figure most associated with control theory?

A

Hirschi

Hirschi introduced the social bonds theory of crime and deviance in 1969.

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24
Q

What does control theory primarily explore?

A

Why people don’t commit crime

Control theory differs by focusing on the reasons for conformity instead of criminal behavior.

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25
Q

According to control theory, what leads people to conform to society’s rules?

A

Social bonds with other people

These bonds encourage self-control and refrain from crime.

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26
Q

What happens when social bonds are weakened or broken, according to control theory?

A

Self-control is weakened, leading to crime

Weakened bonds can result in a greater likelihood of criminal behavior.

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27
Q

List the four social bonds identified by Hirschi.

A
  • Commitment
  • Attachment
  • Belief
  • Involvement

These bonds help pull people away from crime and towards conformity.

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28
Q

Define ‘Belief’ in the context of Hirschi’s social bonds theory.

A

Moral beliefs such as respect for others’ rights and obedience to the law

A shared sense of morality helps deter crime.

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29
Q

What does ‘Commitment’ refer to in Hirschi’s theory?

A

Commitment to conventional activities like work and education

Individuals have a stake in conformity, reducing the desire to engage in crime.

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30
Q

Explain ‘Involvement’ as a social bond.

A

Being busy with community and social activities

Involvement limits opportunities for committing crime.

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31
Q

What does ‘Attachment’ signify in Hirschi’s social bonds theory?

A

Emotional connections to family, friends, and community

Strong attachments increase sensitivity to the needs of others, promoting conformity.

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32
Q

What additional factor did Gottfredson and Hirschi identify as necessary for crime to occur?

A

Opportunities for offending must be present

Inadequate self-control alone does not explain why crimes are committed.

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33
Q

What is a strength of control theory?

A

Recognizes the importance of socialization and social control

It highlights the role of social bonds in maintaining societal cohesion.

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34
Q

What assumption does control theory make about criminals?

A

They have broken away from social bonds with mainstream values

This view is challenged by other criminologists who argue that criminals may still adhere to some societal values.

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35
Q

What limitation does control theory have regarding the types of crime?

A

Fails to explain the variety of types of crime and deviance

It does not account for the different motivations behind criminal behavior.

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36
Q

True or False: Control theory implies that everyone is a potential criminal.

A

True

This perspective can lead to the monitoring and controlling of behavior in certain groups.

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37
Q

What is a criticism of control theory regarding individuals with strong social bonds?

A

It fails to explain how some can be criminal while still having strong social bonds

Examples include middle-class drug users and white-collar criminals.

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38
Q

What is the definition of social control?

A

The mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that regulate individual and group behavior in society.

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39
Q

What is the definition of internal social control?

A

The regulation of behavior through internalized norms and values.

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40
Q

Why may people not engage in criminal activity?

A

Due to internal social control, moral beliefs, and fear of consequences.

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41
Q

Why do people abide by the law?

A

Because of internal and external social controls and the perceived legitimacy of laws.

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42
Q

What is social control linked to?

A

Social norms, values, and the legal system.

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43
Q

What does a person’s conscious guide them to do and what does it create?

A

Guides them to follow societal norms and creates a sense of morality.

44
Q

How is not stealing a pen an example of rational ideology?

A

It reflects an understanding of the consequences and moral implications of theft.

45
Q

What does tradition relate to?

A

Cultural practices and historical customs passed down through generations.

46
Q

What does a person’s religion or culture usually ensure?

A

Adherence to specific moral guidelines and social behaviors.

47
Q

Give an example of a religious rule.

A

Not eating meat on Good Friday.

48
Q

What do rules and traditions become part of?

A

An individual’s internal moral framework.

49
Q

Where do rules start out?

A

In external social norms and societal expectations.

50
Q

What is internalisation of social rules and morality?

A

The process by which external norms become internalized as personal beliefs.

51
Q

Where does this socialisation come from?

A

Family, education, and cultural influences.

52
Q

Explain how queue jumping is an example of internalisation of social rules and morality.

A

It demonstrates a disregard for socially agreed norms, reflecting poor internalisation.

53
Q

What is the definition of external social control?

A

Regulation of behavior through external means such as laws and enforcement.

54
Q

What is the most visible form of external social control?

A

The police.

55
Q

List the 5 agencies of social control.

A
  • Police
  • Courts
  • CPS (Crown Prosecution Service)
  • Prison
  • Probation
56
Q

How do the police provide external social control?

A

By enforcing laws, detaining suspects, and maintaining public order.

57
Q

What is coercion?

A

The use of force or intimidation to obtain compliance.

58
Q

What is physical coercion?

A

Use of bodily harm or threat to compel compliance.

59
Q

What is non-violent coercion?

A

Methods such as threats or social pressure to achieve compliance.

60
Q

How do the police use coercion?

A

Through arrests, searches, and use of physical force when necessary.

61
Q

Where do the police’s rights to use coercion come from?

A

Legal statutes and regulations that empower law enforcement.

62
Q

What word best describes fear of punishment?

A

Deterrence.

63
Q

Define deterrence.

A

The prevention of crime by instilling fear of punishment.

64
Q

What is the definition of individual deterrence?

A

Punishment aimed at preventing the individual from reoffending.

65
Q

How do the police use individual deterrence?

A

By imposing penalties and consequences for criminal behavior.

66
Q

What is the definition of general deterrence?

A

Punishment designed to discourage others from committing similar offenses.

67
Q

How do the police use general deterrence?

A

By making visible arrests and enforcing laws to discourage crime.

68
Q

How do the CPS provide external social control?

A

By charging and prosecuting offenders to uphold the law.

69
Q

How do the courts provide external social control?

A

By determining guilt, imposing sentences, and ensuring compliance with laws.

70
Q

How does prison provide external social control?

A

By detaining individuals who violate laws and punishing misbehavior.

71
Q

How does probation provide external social control?

A

By monitoring offenders in the community and ensuring compliance with legal conditions.

72
Q

Define control theories.

A

Theories that explain why individuals refrain from committing crimes based on social bonds.

73
Q

Briefly summarise Hirschi’s theory.

A

Crime results from weak social bonds; stronger bonds reduce the likelihood of deviance.

74
Q

Briefly summarise Reckless’s theory.

A

Crime is influenced by internal and external social controls that prevent deviance.

75
Q

What is the definition of social control?

A

Social control refers to the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that societies use to regulate individual behavior and maintain social order.

76
Q

What is the definition of internal social control?

A

Internal social control is the regulation of behavior through internalized norms and values, guiding individuals to conform to societal expectations.

77
Q

Why may people not engage in criminal activity?

A

People may refrain from criminal activity due to internal moral codes, fear of consequences, and social norms.

78
Q

What is social control linked to?

A

Social control is linked to societal norms, laws, and moral codes that guide behavior.

79
Q

What does a person’s conscious guide them to do and what does it create?

A

A person’s conscience guides them to act in accordance with societal norms, creating moral behavior.

80
Q

How is not stealing a pen an example of rational ideology?

A

Not stealing a pen reflects rational ideology as individuals weigh the consequences and choose not to engage in theft.

81
Q

What does tradition relate to?

A

Tradition relates to established customs, beliefs, and practices that are passed down through generations.

82
Q

What does a person’s religion or culture usually ensure?

A

A person’s religion or culture usually ensures adherence to specific moral and ethical standards.

83
Q

What do rules and traditions become part of?

A

Rules and traditions become part of an individual’s socialization process.

84
Q

What is internalisation of social rules and morality?

A

Internalisation of social rules and morality is the process by which individuals adopt societal norms as their own guiding principles.

85
Q

What is the definition of external social control?

A

External social control refers to the mechanisms used by society to regulate behavior through external means, such as laws and formal sanctions.

86
Q

What is the most visible form of external social control?

A

The most visible form of external social control is law enforcement.

87
Q

List the 5 agencies of social control.

A
  • Police
  • Courts
  • Prison
  • Probation
  • Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
88
Q

How do the police provide external social control?

A

The police provide external social control through enforcement of laws and maintenance of public order.

89
Q

What is coercion?

A

Coercion is the use of force or intimidation to obtain compliance.

90
Q

What is physical coercion?

A

Physical coercion involves the use of physical force to compel compliance.

91
Q

What is non-violent coercion?

A

Non-violent coercion involves psychological pressure or threats to influence behavior without physical force.

92
Q

What word best describes fear of punishment?

A

Deterrence

93
Q

What is the definition of individual deterrence?

A

Individual deterrence is a strategy aimed at preventing an individual from committing future offenses through the threat of punishment.

94
Q

What is the definition of general deterrence?

A

General deterrence is aimed at preventing the general public from committing crimes by making an example of specific offenders.

95
Q

How do the courts provide external social control?

A

The courts provide external social control by adjudicating legal disputes and imposing penalties on offenders.

96
Q

How does prison provide external social control?

A

Prison provides external social control by isolating offenders from society and deterring crime through the threat of incarceration.

97
Q

How does probation provide external social control?

A

Probation provides external social control by allowing offenders to remain in the community under supervision while adhering to certain conditions.

98
Q

Define control theories.

A

Control theories are sociological perspectives that explain why individuals conform to social norms and laws rather than engaging in deviance.

99
Q

Briefly summarise Hirschi’s theory.

A

Hirschi’s theory posits that strong social bonds to family, school, and community reduce the likelihood of delinquency.

100
Q

Briefly summarise Reckless’s theory.

A

Reckless’s theory emphasizes the role of inner and outer containment factors in preventing deviant behavior.

101
Q

What is the definition of crime control?

A

Crime control is a strategy aimed at preventing crime and maintaining public safety through law enforcement and punishment.

102
Q

What is the definition of due process?

A

Due process is a legal principle that ensures fair treatment through the judicial system.

103
Q

What are features of crime control?

A
  • Emphasis on law enforcement
  • Focus on punishment
  • Prevention of crime
104
Q

What are features of due process?

A
  • Protection of individual rights
  • Fair legal procedures
  • Presumption of innocence
105
Q

What is a case study for crime control?

A

[Insert relevant case study here]

106
Q

What is a case study for due process?

A

[Insert relevant case study here]

UNIT 4 CRIMINOLOGY (2 decks)

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